D. Pantosti and D. Papanastasiou
The Greek test area is located in the Locris region and encloses the Atalanti fault. This area was struck by two large shocks in April 1894. Several contemporary reports on the damage and on the effects of these earthquakes on the landscape point out univocally the location of the main seismogenic fault responsible for the second and largest of the two shocks occurred on April 27. This structure bounds to the NE the mountains range at least from Martino to Atalanti. Movement on the fault is prevalently normal, in agreement with the extension undergoing in the area. Discussion among scientists is open about the significance of minor ruptures, on the location of the seismogenic fault responsible for the first shock, and on about the extent of the fault to the NW. The most complete contemporarily report is from Skuphos (1894). Because of the importance of this paper to fully understand this seismogenic structure , we translated it (Appendix 1) with the precious collaboration of Alberto and Guglielmo Frepoli. Notice that we tried to preserve the text the most similar to the original, so some sentences will appear a little odds. We highlighted in bold face those parts that appear relevant for the purposes of this project. The main conclusions from this paper are that the fault is up to 60 km-long, NW-striking, NE-dipping with average vertical throws of 1 m and a few cm of left-lateral movement. Among the secondary structures some appear relevant as for example the Mulkia fault, transversal to the main structure but with a peculiar surface evidence.
In recent times the attention of scientists from different countries was focused on this area, especially considering the seismic potential it may contain for the city of Athens. Different approaches where used to better characterize this structure and the fault segmentation of the region. However, the lack of direct dating of recent displaced deposits and of paleoseismological investigation does not allow a complete characterization of this fault and of the neighboring ones.
Official mapping both topographic (scale 1:200.000, 1:50.000, 1:5000) and geologic (scale 1:50.000) is available.
The list of relevant papers on the area follows:
Ambraseys, N. N. and J. A. Jackson
1990
Seismicity and associated strain of central Greece between 1890 and 1988.
Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 101 n.3, 663-708.
Ambraseys, N. N. and D. White
1997
The sismicity of the easten mediterranean region 550-1 BC: a re-appraisal.
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol.1, no.4, 603-632.
Billiris, H., Paradissis, D., Veis, G., England, P., Featherstone, W., Parsons, B., Cross, P., Rands, P., Rayson, M.,Sellers, P., Ashkenazi, V., Davison, M., Jackson, J. and N. Ambraseys
1991
Geodetic determitation of tectonic deformation in central Greece from 1900 to 1988.
Nature, 350, 124-129.
Birot, P.
1977
L' expression morphogenetique quaternaire dans les regions Helleniques.
Rev. de Geogr. Phis. et de Geol. Dyn., vol. XIX, fasc.1, 5-6.
Bousquet, B., Dufaure, J., J., Keraudren, B., Pechoux, P., Y. ,Philip, H., Sauvage, J.
1976
Essai de correlations stratigraphiques entre les facies marins, lacustres et continentaux du Pleistocene de Grece.
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, (7), XVIII, no.2, 413-418.
Celet, P., Delcourt, A.
1990
Les terrains neogenes de Locride (Grece): leur situation geologique et leur age.
Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord., 80, 125-132.
Collier, R., Gawthorpe, R.
1995
Neotectonics, drainage and sedimentation in central Greece : insights into coastal reservoir geometries in syn-rift sequences.
Geological Society Sp. Publ., No. 80, 165-181.
Dambergis, A., K.
1895
Die neuen heissen Quellen von Aedipsos und Gialtra, entstanden beim Lokrischen Erdbeben 1894.
Mineralog. und petrog. Mitth., 15, 385-393.
De Boer, J., Z.
1992
Dilational fractures in the Corinth and Evian rift zones of Greece; their geometrical relations and tectonic significance in the deformational process.
Annales Tectonicae, vol. VI, n.1, 41-61.
Degardin, J., M.
1972
Etude geologique de la region d' Atalanti (Locride, Grece continentale).
Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, XCII, 4, 213-220.
Fossey, J., M.
1990
The Ancient Topography of Opountian Lokris.
Ganas, A. and K. White
1996
Neotectonic fault segments and footwall geomorphology in Easten Central Greece fom Landsat TM data.
Geol. Soc. Greece Sp. Publ., 6, 169-175.
Ganas, A., Wadge, G. and K. White
1996
Fault Segmentation and Tectonic Geomorphology in Eastern Central Greece from Satellite Data.
Eleventh ERIM Conference on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing, 1, 119-128.
Ganas, A.
1997
Fault segmentation and seismic hazard assessment in the gulf of Evia rift, Central Greece.
0-368.
Ganas, A., Roberts, G. P., Mernou, Tz.
1997
Segment boundaries, the 27/4/1894 M7.0 rupture extent and strain patterns along the Atalanti fault segment, Central Greece.
Journal of Geodynamics, vol.26, no 2-4, 461-486.
Ganas, A.
1998
Mapping of active normal faults in the lokris region (Central Greece) using spot dem data.
Bulletin of Geological Society of Greece, vol. XXXII/1, 173-179.
Ganas, A., Roberts, G., P. and T. Memou
1998
Segment boundaries, the 1894 ruptures and strain patterns along the Atalanti fault, Central Greece.
J. Geodynamics, vol.26, No. 2-4, 461-486.
Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A. , Traina, G.
1994
Catalogue of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean area up to the 10th century.
0-504.
Jackson, J., A., King, G., Vlt-Finzi, C.
1982
The neotectonics of the Aegean : an alternative view.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 61, 303-318.
Jackson, J., A. , McKenzie, D., P.
1988
Rates of active deformation in the Aegean sea and surrounding regions.
Basin Research, 1, 121-128.
Kraft, J., C., Rapp, G., Szemler, G., J. , Tziavos, C., Kase, E., W.
1987
The pass at Thermopylae, Greece.
Journal of field archaeology, 14, 181-196.
Lagios, E., Wyss, M.
1983
Estimates of vertical crustal movements along the coast of Greece, based on mean sea level data.
Pure Appl. Geophys, 121, 869-887.
Lemeille, F., Gauthier, A, J., Jarrige, J., J., and H. Philip
1977
Evolution neotectonique du domaine egeen et de sa bourdure externe orientale: une mise au point.
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, XIX (7), 673-677.
Lemeille, F.
1977
Etudes neotectoniques en Grece centrale nord-prientale (Eubee centrale, Attique, Beotie, Locride).
Makropoulos, K., C. and V. Kouskouna
1994
The 1894 April 20 and 27 Atalanti Earthquakes : 100 years after - Lessons learnt.
proc. and activity report of the 1992-94 XXIV European Seismological Co, vol. 1, 61-71.
Mercier, J., L., Sorel, D. , Ergely, P., Simeakis, K.
1989
Extensional tectonic regimes in the Aegean basins during the Cenozoic.
Basin Research, 2, 49-71.
Mettos, A., Loakim, Ch., Rondoyanni, Th.
1986
Les formations neogenes lacustres de l' Attique du Nord-Beotle. Strtigraphie, palynologie et tectonique.
Geologie Mediterraneenne, tome XII-XIII, n. 3-4, 167-174.
Mettos, A., Rondoyianni, Th., Ioakim, Ch. and I. Papadakis
1992
Evolution geodynamique et recostraction paleoenvironmentale des basins neogenes-quaternaires de la Grece centrale.
Paleontologia I evolucio', 24-25, 393-402.
Mitsopoulos, K.
1894
Die Erdbeben von Theben und Lokris in den Jahren 1893 und 1894.
Abdruck aus Dr. A. Petermanns Geogr. Mitteilungen, 10, 1-11.
Mitsopoulos, K.
1895
The Lokris mega-earthquake, (in Greek).
40 p.
Niemi, T., M.
1990
Paleoenvironmental History of Submerged Ruins on the Northern Euboean Gulf Coastal Plain, Central Greece.
Geoarchaeology, vol.5, n. 4323.
Oldfather, W.
1916
Studies in the History and Topography of Lokris I.
American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 20, 32-61.
Oldfather, W.
1916
History and topography of Lokris II.
American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 20, 154-172.
Orlandos, A.
1929
The palaeochristian Basilica at Dafnousia (Lokris).
Bull. Academy of Athens, vol. 20, 226-231.
Papanicolau, D., Lykousis, V. , Chronis, G. Pavlakis, P.
1988
A comparative study of neotectonic basins across the Hellenic Arc : The Messiniakos, Argolikos, Saronikos and southern Evoikos Gulfs.
Basin Research, vol. 1, 167-176.
Papavasiliou, A.
1894
Sur la nature de la grande crevasse produite a` la suite du dernier tremblement de terre de Locride.
C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 19, 380-381, 112-114.
Papazachos, B. and K. Papazachou
1989
The earthquakes of Greece.
356.
Philip, H.
1974
Etude neotectonique des rivages egeens en Locride et en Eubee nord orientale.
These Acad. de Montpellier, Univ.de Languedoc.
Philip, H.
1976
Une episode de deformation an compression a la base du Quaternaire en Grece (Greece) centrale (Locris et Eubee nord-occidentale).
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, (7), t.XVIII, no2, 287-292.
Philippson, A.
1894
Das dies jahrige Erdeben in Lokris.
Ges. Erdkund. zu Berlin, 21, 332-334.
Roberts, S., Jackson, J.
1991
Active normal faulting in centra Greece : an overview.
Geol. Soc. Sp. Publ., 56, 125-142.
Rondoyanni, T.
1984
Etude neotectonique des rivages occidentaux du canal d' Atalanti (Grece Centrale).
0-200.
Rondoyanni, T.
1988
Tectonique recente et subsidence des sites historiques aux rivages de Locride.
Geologie de l'ingenieur appliquee aux travaux anciens, monuments et sites historiques, pp. 1583-1589.
Skouphos, T.
1894
Die swei grossen Erdbebenin Lokris am 8/20 und 15/27 April 1894.
Zeitschrift Ges. Erdkunde zu Berlin, 24, 409-474.
Stiros, S. C., Rondoyianni, Th.
1985
Recent vertical movements across the Atalanti Fault-Zone (Central Greece).
Pageoph., 123, 837-848.
Stiros, S. C.
1988
Archaeology - A tool to study active tectonics, the Aegean as a case study.
Eos, vol. 69, no 50, 1633-1636.
Stiros, S. C., Arnold, M., Pirazzoli, P. A., Laborel, J., Laborel, F. and S. Papageorgiou
1992
Historical coseismic uplift mon Euboea Island, Greece.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 108, 109-117.
Verriez, J. J.
1976
Sur les formations volcaniques basiques
d' Atalanti (Locride-Grece-Greece).
Boll. Soc. Geol. France, (7), t.XVIII, no2, 293-298.
Walker, A., Goldman, H.
1915
Report on excavation at Halae Lokris.
American Journal of Archaeology., vol. 19, 418-453.